Exosome as Nanoscale Vesicles | Pancreatic Cancer Research

Exosome as Nanoscale Vesicles | Pancreatic Cancer Research Conceptual Exosome are nanoscale vesicles that are discharged from malignancy cells, assuming a significant job in the microenvironment of dangerous tumor cells.6,8 The exosomal vesicles (EV) add to the movement and development of the tumor, and can be focused on utilizing gold nanoparticles (GNP).1,6,7 The exosomes are separated from the blood plasma, and with their dependability in organic liquids, they can be focused on and hindered utilizing GNP. The GNP will restrain the disease cell, and will stop tumor development and production.â Using proteomic and quantitative strategies, the exosome EphA2, indicated the most noteworthy discovery of particularity and affectability in pancreatic disease patients.1,2,4,8 Further tests affirmed that EphA2-EV has potential in early recognition for pancreatic disease, because of the levels explicitness and affectability being higher in contrast with pancreatitis patients and the control patients.1 Catchphrases: Biomarkers, Exosome, Pancreatic malignancy, Nanoparticle, Proteomics, Vesicles, Plasma, Antibody Presentation Pancreatic malignancy, is immensely terminal, with an endurance pace of under 5%.â Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is the most widely recognized type of exocrine pancreatic disease, representing around 95% of pancreatic disease cases.10 PDAC is a quiet malignancy, and with the absence of testing, the requirement for novel biomarkers to help in early location is imperative.â With no substantial early discovery techniques, and no side effects of beginning time PDAC, the disease will advance quickly all through the body before it is detected.â There is have to discover a biomarker, supporting in the early recognition PDAC, so a treatment can be given to prevent the disease from progressing.â The ebb and flow tumor biomarker, CA19-9, isn't solid in early identification because of erroneously raised consequences of maladies other than PDAC.10 Ongoing investigations recommend that exosomes, a nanovesicle, has a high potential as the future biomarker of PDAC, because of the steadiness and recognition affectability in human blood plasma.1,2,4,8 Malicious exosomes, are hidden by malignant growth cells, screening the significance in tumor development and progression.7 Studies tell the best way to upgrade a strategy, to detach exosomes from the blood plasma, to additionally aid biomarker discovery.â concerning breaking down exosomes as a potential biomarker, exosomes need to cleansed and segregated with differential centrifugation matched with ultracentrifugation (UC). Another procedure utilized, is fondness filtration of the exosomal layer antigens utilizing thickness inclination (DG) centrifugation, isolating the vesicles dependent on their density.8 A training should be directed, to sanitize exosomes, from just a little volume of blood plasma. With contemplates being led on the security in liquids of flowing exosomes, it very well may be affirmed that these nanovesicles have the capacity of focusing to take-up to thwart or defer tumor development.â With the size of the exosomes running from 40 100 nm, they are recognized for tumor microenvironment.â Exosomes, a potential biomarker, for the early recognition of PDAC, are likewise being concentrated as possible nanocarriers to target malignancy cells and deferring tumor growth.1,7,8 The most widely recognized nanocarrier being considered is the gold nanoparticle (GNP), because of its imaging, diagnostics, and treatment abilities.â The GNP can be effectively integrated by means of the citrate decrease, which is the reason is has potential in clinical theranostics.7 Extracellular vesicles (EV), are discharged into extracellular space, they are associated with tumor commencement, movement just as metastasis.â EVs can be utilized as non-obtrusive biomarkers, however the current contemplated techniques are tedious concerning EV isolation.1,7,8 The EV film markers which are a piece of the tetraspanin family, are CD9, CD63, and CD81, separately, and a measure exhibits comparative features.6 A nanoparticle EV examine, will be caught by an EV-explicit counter acting agent with the double authoritative of EV, utilizing 2 nanoparticle probes.â The 2 nanoparticle tests, will deliver a plasmon, advancing an expansion in affectability and particularity for the disclosure of an exosomal biomarker.â Ephrin type A receptor 2 (EphA2), has as of late been distinguished as a biomarker, of the tumor inferred pancreatic cell line, and improved on EV.1 EphA2, shows overexpression, increments in vitro intrusiveness and anoikis obstruction in pancreatic disea se cell lines.1 An ongoing report has been led with sound control patients, pancreatitis patients just as pancreatic malignant growth patients, with the utilization of nanoplasmon-upgraded dissipating (nPES) test a quick, touchy, and explicit strategy in biomarker discovery. Show Tumor Markers in Pancreatic Cancer Carcinoembryonic Antigen CEA CEA, is a glycoprotein, that is estimated in a typical blood test utilized for testing patients with malignant growth, including pancreatic cancer.â This will quantify the measure of the CEA protein that is in the blood of a patient who may have disease, and the CEA levels can be utilized to decide if treatment is working or if the disease is spreading.â A CEA level of 5 ng/mL, is viewed as an ordinary degree of this protein, however there are a few conditions that can change the degrees of the CEA in your blood, which is the reason this is anything but a legitimate biomarker in the recognition of pancreatic cancer.5 CEA testing can be helpful concerning repetitive colon malignancy also checking whether treatment is successful.â Levels of CEA can be raised because of smoking, just as in different maladies, for example, Crohns disease.â Due to the shakiness of CEA levels in disease, this blood test affirms that CEA is certainly not a steady biomarker for the early discovery of pancreatic malignancy. CEA is relied upon to be matched with different biomarkers, for early identification reasons.â When combined with CA19-9, there is an expansion in location for affectability and particularity, demonstrating an improvement in maladies including pancreatitis just as pancreatic pseudocyst.â Despite the improved outcomes for pancreatic infections, CEA is as yet not substantial for the discovery of pancreatic malignant growth, in any event, when it is combined with another marker, for example, CA19-9.5 Starch Antigen CA19-9 Starch antigen (CA19-9) was found in 1981, and is viewed as a sialyl lewis a (sLea).9 CA19-9 is found on a superficial level malignant growth cell, communicated as a glycolipid and an O connected glycoprotein, and is identified with the Lewis blood bunch antigens.3â Patients with Le (alpha beta +) or Le (alpha + beta - ) blood gathering, express degrees of CA19-9 in their blood, while roughly 5 10% of patients with Le (alpha beta - ) blood bunch don't communicate CA19-9, restricting the utilization as a legitimate biomarker.9 Due to the low, and questionable affectability of CA19-9, it is a poor mediator of PDAC, along these lines it's anything but an esteemed biomarker. CA19-9 can't separate between generous, forerunner sores and threatening conditions in PDAC patients, and it gives raised outcomes in numerous other gastrointestinal cancers.3â This blood test can show raised CA19-9 levels in patients with other non-malignant growth sicknesses including pancreatitis and cirrhosis.3,9 The CA19-9 blood test can be useful concerning knowing whether a pancreatic tumor is discharging it, and to pass judgment on the productivity of treatment, and search for pancreatic disease recurrence.â A sound patient will have a CA19-9 degree of 0 37 U/mL, in this way with expanding levels of CA19-9, this could demonstrate tumor growth.3 For increasingly precise outcomes, a PDAC marker should be found and combined with CA19-9, to expand the affectability and particularity in early detection.â With CA19-9 as the main marker, examines show it was just raised in 50 75% of patients having PDAC, affirming that isn't predictable as a biomarker and ought not be utilized in analytic testing.3,9 Expressing raised levels in different infections, for example, benevolent jaundice, pancreatitis, and ovarian malignant growth, affirms the absence of consistency utilizing the CA19-9 marker and that it can't be utilized as an exact sign of early pancreatic disease detection.3 Rising Biomarkers With the nonappearance of unwavering quality utilizing the ebb and flow PDAC biomarker, C19-9, it is a need to find a biomarker with improved affectability also explicitness for the early discovery of PDAC. Recent examinations recommend, that exosomes can be identified in body liquid, for example, blood, and they have potential as ailment biomarkers.â Exosomes, found in blood plasma, should be gathered from solid patients to get individual and pooled samples.â The gathered blood plasma, should be isolated, by centrifugation, to detach the exosomes for additional proteomic and quantitative studies.8 Seclusion Methods Seclusion of exosomes utilizing the UC technique, includes ordinary human plasma, and weakening it with PBS. The example will be differentially centrifuged, to annihilate cell flotsam and jetsam, which is trailed by UC. The ensuing pellet, is washed in PBS, and separated, and the filtrate was ultracentrifuged.â The subsequent exosomal pellet, utilized for the investigation, will be resuspended in PBS.8 Utilizing the EI segregation strategy, the plasma, is weakened in PBS and centrifuged.â The supernant is sifted, and the filtrate will be hatched utilizing a blocking agent.â A microcolumn was put in attractive separators, where the section was flushed with washing solution.â Beads were bound to the exosome, and were applied to the attractive column.â The segment will be washed with washing arrangement, and the insusceptible caught exosomes were recuperated by expelling them from the segment and setting them in an assortment tube.â The exosome bound microbeads are washed to elute the exosomes, and centrifuged to get the exosomal pellet.â The exosomal pellet will be resuspended in PBS.8 Ultimately, detachment utilizing DG strategy, included the exosomal pellet that was gotten from UC just as would be expected blood plasma that was layered on iodixan

Animal Rights Essays (456 words) - Animal Testing, Animal Welfare

Basic entitlements Basic entitlements As Doctor Zola-Morgan expressed in a discourse to creature right activists, I've seen the effect of the basic entitlements development. I accept this is an assault on study of the most noticeably awful kind. On the off chance that we permit it to win it will return us to the dim ages. A lot of people in general has come to think of clinical specialists as tormenters as opposed to healers. The great is neglected and the awful is abused. Albeit numerous individuals feel that creature examine is ethically off-base, creature research should proceed in light of the fact that it is basic to proceeded with progress in human wellbeing and options to look into creatures are not accessible. Basic entitlements activists feel that creature look into is indecent. They do not consider where to be as individuals see or feel that we are the predominant species. They frequently state that examination with creatures causes serious agony what's more, that many research creatures are mishandled. The activists don't feel the need to get the creatures through such torment. A significant number of the investigations are repeated likewise which makes an unneeded interest for creatures perform tests. Trials which have just been demonstrated are as yet being explored different avenues regarding. In any case, creature explore is an essential piece of the present society when considering how much advancement we have picked up in human wellbeing with the utilization of creature experimentation. To date some forty-one Nobel prizes have been granted to researchers whose accomplishments relied upon lab creatures. Immunizations against polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, and smallpox would not have been conceivable without such examinations. There additionally would not be such significant strategies, for example, open heart medical procedure, mind medical procedure, coronary detour, microsurgery to re-appended appendages, organ transplants, and adjustment of inborn heart absconds. The rundown goes on about the clinical propels that necessary creature look into. Insulin to control diabetes and meds significant in the administration of asthma, epilepsy, joint inflammation, ulcers, and hypertensions are a couple of additional to add to the rundown. To take creature look into away would likewise be to stop our general public's progression of more methodology and more meds to upgrade the better living of people. Moreover, there are no options in contrast to creature experimentation that can give similar outcomes that it can. In certain exploration examinations, cell, tissue, organ societies, and PC models can be utilized in any event in the fundamental periods of the examination. Nonetheless, in numerous exploratory circumstances, culture strategies and PC models don't catch the physiological unpredictability of the entire creature. A few instances of where creatures are fundamental in examine incorporate the advancement of an immunization against HIV and improvement of strategies to soothe mental pressure and tension. These difficulties must be tended to by inquire about with creatures. PC models and societies can't get the entire body impact of an test. People are the main options in contrast to creatures for this and when confronted with this other option, the vast majority incline toward the utilization on creatures as the inquire about model. Human studies

Advice from Graduating Seniors

Advice from Graduating Seniors Orientation has begun. Convocation starts in less than an hour, where the Class of 2021 will gather and President Reif will give a welcoming address. At that time, the Class of 2021 will officially be freshmen. MIT can be overwhelming will all the advice you hear left and right. But I think the advice that has helped me the most is the advice from upperclassmen. So I asked some of my closest friends who were graduating if they had any advice they wanted to give to the upcoming class. Advice from Graduating Seniors John P. 17  MIT is a great opportunity for personal growth, and a big part of that is understanding your limits. Find your breaking point, and learn how to make time for yourself in order to recover. Trust me: Youre better off learning to balance ambition and happiness. I spent a semester burned out because it took me a long time to learn this balancing act. Focus on it early. Andres A. 17 Try to find a way to serve the MIT community. Not only will you meet amazing people along the way, but you will grow in ways that are not possible in a classroom or lab setting. Isaac G. 17 Dont be afraid to put more on your plate than you think you can handle during P/NR its how I exposed myself to a lot of things at MIT I wouldnt have found otherwise! However, at the same time, never do something just because it fills your resume or you think your calendar is looking a little too bare. Try to figure out what you enjoy doing, and dive headfirst into that. Your time here will come to an end before you know it, and youll invariably look back and wish you had spent more time doing this or taken that class with so-and-so professor. Might as well do what you actually enjoy :) Rosé D. 17 YOPNRO You only pass/no record once. Juan H. 17 Use a monitor while doing work or studying. Being able to type while reading on a different screens did wonders for my productivity. I wish someone had told me sooner. David D. 17 Youre coming to MIT, one of the best universities in the world. This adventure will give you unprecedented and unparalleled opportunities over the next four years as long as you go out and actively seek them. I cant encourage you enough to find programs, positions, and initiatives that sound interesting to you even if they do not have a place in your original plan. Some of my most transformative and eye-opening experiences have been things I never imagined I could or would do before as an incoming freshman. Paul K. 17 I quickly found that my favorite thing about MIT was the people. From friends to PSET and explore Boston with, to professors and UROP supervisors to learn from, I found a lot to gain from getting to know as many people as possible. I also quickly grew comfortable with the fact that I didnt know much and was more ready to ask for help. Im thankful for the community I am now a part of. Martin M. 17 Focus on getting educated. Learn to talk. models for thinking . Use your time at MIT effectively so that the world is happy you were brought here and when you leave youre a mental heavyweight/champion in your art. Think of MIT as your training period. And realize that you have a certain perspective, and type of brain to succeed in a tech field but maybe not the field you originally thought you would be good at. TLDR; Focus on getting competent and building excellence in something not everyone can do that matters. Anonymous  Dont be afraid to ask for help: office hours, staying after class to chat with the professor and tutoring services are among the many resources MIT offers to get the little bit of extra help on difficult material. Look into the tech areas that are changing the most (eg Blockchain, CRISPR, Deep Learning, etc) and research that is only happening at MIT. So when you leave MIT you have an edge on what the world is going to be giving you a competitive advantage. I learned a lot from my FSILG (consider joining one), and at times that knowledge has been more useful that what I learned in classes. Use the best tools at your disposal when learning (When studying concepts go to youtube for a visualization, or to watch a significant person in the field talk about it) 5) Get a Video Speed Controller plugin for Chrome (you can watch at 1- 4x speed) (It saves a lot of time and allows you to iterate on material faster) Focus on doing things a semester at a time (dont overload, and if you get overloaded drop commitments early). You have time to do everything you want to do, just not in a semester. Erick P. 17 Youll grow a lot during your time here, but some things will never change.

The Great Development Of Science And People s Interest

Due to the great development of science and people’s interest in astronomy,â€Å"Einstein’s general theory of relativity allows for the possibility that we could warp space-time so much that you could go off in a rocket and return before you set out† (Hawking). The access to internet allowed many people to gain huge amount of information and knowledge easily, including astronomy. Because of IT development, many people gain knowledge and found interest in the most mystical place, the space. Nowadays, movies about space and time traveling are consistently made into a hit film. For example, the movie â€Å"Interstellar† by Christopher Nolan, became famous for realistic science-fiction throughout the world. In the movie, it shows about Wormholes, Einstein s Theory, how gravity changes time and the success of time-travel and space-travel. The knowledge and interest of time-traveling is becoming the world interest and the time-traveling can be explained through study of general information, possible breakthroughs and the effect it will bring to society. The general information can be divided to history and Einstein’s theory of relativity. To know about the time travel, first you have to know about Einstein’s theory of relativity. The theory contains lot of information about space, time, mass, energy and gravity. One of them is â€Å"the closer you get to the speed of light the slower time moves for you in comparison to someone that is not moving at all† (Einstein), and it has been proved to beShow MoreRelatedThe Chinese Communist Revolution Was A Negative Impact On The Political And Economic Development Of China1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Chinese Communist Revolution had a negative impact on the political and economic development of China. It also had a positive and negative impact on the social development in China. 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Nowadays, education has turned into a essential requirement for people to attain success in their life as well as for the improvement of their country. People are the real wealth of their country. Education can be achieved in schools, colleges and

Effect Of Citizen Police Academies On Community...

The Effect of Citizen Police Academies on Community Relationships with the Police Background Over the past several years, there have been several high-profile police-involved shootings, and the justification behind the shooting has been questioned. Several of these shootings have resulted in a subsequent criminal conviction involving some form of a homicide charge for the police officer involved. This has created a great division between those who support and those who oppose the police. Police agencies and community leaders have sought to repair this relationship, and citizen police academies are one potential avenue. In the past, as a move to try and improve these police—community relations, police departments all over the country implemented citizen police academies, or CPAs. These were initially implemented during the beginning of the community-oriented policing era, and the first department in the US to have one was the Orlando Police Department in 1985 (Lee, 2016). Since then, CPAs popularity has grown nationally, and police departments all over the county have them. Somewhere between 15 and 20 percent of agencies have CPAs, and they are far more common among those who serve larger, metropolitan areas (Lee, 2016). CPAs teach participants the details of the various functions of the police, including law, patrol techniques, use of force, self-defense, firearms, SWAT, and crime prevention (Brewster, Stoloff, Sanders, 2005). These CPAs have theShow MoreRelatedThe International Association Of Chiefs Of Police Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesAssociation of Chiefs of Police (IACP ) defines the use of force as â€Å"the amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject† and â€Å"whether the police officer reasonably believed that such force was necessary to accomplish a legitimate police purpose.† Based on a study done in various US cities, excessive force â€Å"is typically but not necessarily associated with more severe forms of force that could or do result in injury or death.† Recent prominent cases of police violence includeRead MoreThe Solutions Offered Here Will Not Be Without Barriers And Issues898 Words   |  4 Pagesparties involved. As the police plan to participate and attend more community meeting they must also understand that they will be addressing more citizen complaints and concerns. 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Why The Stonewall Riots Became A Turning Point For The...

Until the last half of the 20th century, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals were victims of discrimination in American society and in statutory laws, which limited their basic rights. On the night of June 28, 1969, police raided the Stonewall Inn, a gay bar in New York’s Greenwich Village, and arrested three drag queens by using excessive force. Bar patrons and spectators, tired of police oppression, stood up and fought back. This was the first major protest based on equal rights for homosexuals. The Stonewall Riots became a turning point for the homosexual community in the United States sparking the beginning of the gay rights movement, and encouraged lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual, or LGBT, to fight for their rights. In the 1950s, the American Psychiatric Association characterized homosexuality as a â€Å"sociopathic personality disorder†(Haggerty, 713), in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and it was mentioned as an example of â€Å"sexual deviations,† which mean a sexual practice considered morally wrong and legally prohibited. After homosexual were determined as â€Å"sociopathic personality disorder† discrimination against them increased. The federal government banned the employment of homosexuals in 1953 by Eisenhower who signed the Executive Order 10450 (Chauncey, George, Nancy), which insisted in the dismissal of all federal employees who were homosexual. Most of the state governments prohibited gay people being served inShow MoreRelatedStonewall Riots Essay1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Stonewall riots were a series of violent, spontaneous demonstrations by members of the LGBT community against a police raid that took place in the early m orning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn. Riots, violence and discrimination are not things that the LGBT community are unfamiliar with. Their history has been painted with opposition and resiliency. As time has progressed, so has the community and their fight for equality. The community is a medley of very different people from aRead MoreSocial Media And Social Movements1190 Words   |  5 PagesSmall Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted identifies that internet activism is an instant frenzy that creates a brief impact but is not adequate enough to remain on its own. When media is used as an intellectual resource for activism it can expose people s conscious about diverse predicaments or movements occurring around the globe. In today s contemporary society people had the power to create a significant change in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender (LGBT) community by having sameRead MoreLgbt History And The Modern Era1737 Words   |  7 Pagesthis. A major example would be the Stonewall riots. The Stonewall Riots were when police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar in the Greenwich Village section of New York City. These type of raids were not unusual in the late 1960s, an era when homosexuality was illegal in nearly every state, excluding Illinois. The following night, the street erupted into violent protests and demonstrations that lasted for the six days. These riots marked a major turning point in the modern gay civil rights movementRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots Essay examples1957 Words   |  8 Pagesone’s homosexuality could lead to the loss of their family, their livelihood and, in some cases, their lives. Geanne Harwood, interviewed on an National Public Radio Broadcast commemorating the twentieth anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, said that â€Å"being gay before Stonewall was a very difficult proposition †¦ we felt that in order to survive we had to try to look and act as rugged and as manly as possib ly to get by in a society that was really very much against us.† The age of communist threatsRead MoreThe Views Of The Gay Rights Movement1712 Words   |  7 Pagesunique point of view of the life of a homosexual. Furthermore, the gay rights movement â€Å"is the effort to eliminate prejudice and discrimination against homosexual women and men† (Stoddard). Organizations advocating for the rights of homosexuals thrived in Germany and England from 1860s through the 1920s. However, similar organizations did not start appearing in the United States until 1950. On June 28, 1969, police raided the Stonewall Inn, a popular gay bar, which then became the turning point of theRead MoreLgbt Views On Lgbt Rights2049 Words   |  9 PagesLGBT rights have been a controversial issue for decades now and they’ve always sparked heated discussions between those who believe in fighting for LGBT rights and those who strongly oppose them. LGBT stands for, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender; this term is heard quite often when discussing discrimination and harassment because the agonising truth is that LGBT people face a disturbingly greater amount of it than those who don’t identify as LGB T, and it has been this way for decades now inRead MoreWhat are Gayborhoods?1700 Words   |  7 Pagesgayborhoods are where gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and/or transgender peoples live. Research has shown that these communities have keen economic and sociological effects on urban areas brought on by large gentrification from homosexuals. Gay meccas continue to flourish every year and are providing substantial benefits to the cities in which they reside in. Furthermore, gayborhoods has a wide range of ethnic, racial and socioeconomic groups. Researches believe that living in a gay community has a positive effectRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Property Developments Julian - Sol and Daniel.

Questions: 1. What common law duty and statutory duty if any has Julian breached? 2. What common law or statutory duty have Sol and Daniel breached? 3. If the directors have breached their duties do any of them have a defence and if not what are the consequences for them? Answers: 1. Fiduciary duty of Loyalty Under the common law he director has been placed with a fiduciary duty. This duty includes the duty to act with grim loyalty to the company. Under the common law a director is a fiduciary of a company and it is expected that they will not enter into any transaction that they stand to benefit from or which they have an interest in. This basic common law duty was held in Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie Brothers (1854) where the court decided that a director should not take part in self dealing. The court further held that any transaction that is conducted by a director who has an interest in it shall be voidable and be terminated at the will of the company. Julian had a personal interest in the contract for the sale of land because his aim was not exonerate his uncle Gerald from the bank loan misery, although he did not stand to gain any material benefit. It can thus be conceded that Julian has breached this this common law duty. Duty to Avoid Conflict Pursuant to section 191(1) a director has been placed under a duty to void any material personal interstate in any in any issue that is related to the company affairs (Corporation Act 2001). This section requires that where there is such an interest, the director must disclose it by way of notice to other directors. It is evident that Julian did not disclose that he had a personal interest in the contract for the sale of land. In McGellin v Mount King Mining NL (1998) the court held that the test that is applied is whether a reasonable person will be convinced that the interest affected the judgment of the director. Julian was affected by the interest because he went on to vote for the decision during the board meeting. According S192(1) to notice of any personal interest must be in writing and be given during a directors meeting. The notice must explain suffieciently for the board of director to clearly understand the interest (Camelot Resources v MacDonald,1994). There has been no evidence that a notice has been supplied by Julian. Duty not to make improper use of information By dint of s183(1) a director must not obtain any information from the company for his own personal advantage or for the advantage of some else (Corporation Act 2001). In Commissioner for Corporate Affairs v Green (1978) the court insisted that the information must be used for the advantage of the director or someone else. It is evident that that Julian used information from the company to benefit his brother Raphael so that he may win the tender. This is contrary to the corporation act and Julian is thus in breached of the duty under s183 (1). 2. Duty of care Directors have the common law duty to exercise their responsibilities and duty with reasonable care and due diligence. In Daniels v AWA (1992) the court affirmed this common law duty by holding that the directors have the moral imperative to take reasonable measures to ensure that they oversee the operations activities of the company. In Australian Securities Commission v Gallagher (1993) the court held that the standard of care and skill that was expected was that of an ordinary person in the same position as the director. Sol and Daniel were reckless as to the fact they were required professionally to conduct an independent valuation and thus were in breach of the duty of skill and care expected of the directors. Duty to act with reasonable care and Due Diligence Pursuant to S180 (1) a director has been vested with the obligation to act with reasonable care and due diligence in a manner that any reasonable person would do (Corporation Act 2001). In ASIC v MacDonald (2009) the court held that the test that should be applied is an objective one where the question will be what an ordinary person who has the same professional experience and expertise as the defendant would do in the same circumstance. It has also been held that the standard of care is judged by what a prudent person would do in similar circumstances. Sol and Daniel expected to exercise skill and care in their duty to oversee the companys activities and they failed to do so. A reasonable and prudent person having an ordinary skill as is expected of them would have conducted an independent valuation of the land and would ensure that they are aware of all the operation of the company but they failed to do so and have not been keen with the operations of the company (Re City Equitabl e Fire Insurance Co, 1925). Furthermore, in Daniels v AWA (1992) the court insisted that the director of a company must keep himself informed of all activities and operation that go on in a company. It is imperative to note that the court in Vines v ASIC (2007) noted that common law application of the duty of care and due diligence is similar to the statutory application in Australia. 3. Consequences for Breach In law it is a general principle that ignorance of the law is not a defense and therefore the directors cannot claim innocent mistake because they did not know understand the legal position of the director duties. The only practical defense that would be applicable for the breach of section 191(1) would be that the director had given a sufficient notice of the conflict of interest but this has not been given by Julian. A breach of section S180 (1) on the duty of reasonable care and due diligence invites a civil penalty and a criminal liability 5 years imprisonment or fine of $200, 000. A breach pursuant to section 191(1) attracts a civil penalty of 10 units or an imprisonment of 3 months or both. If the breach of the duty of care causes a detriment to the company the director may be required to pay for the detriment caused or return any benefit that he has incurred to the company inform of damages. References Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie Brothers [1854] UKHL 1 ASIC v Macdonald (No 12) [2009] NSWSC Australian Securities Commission v Gallagher (1994) 11 WAR 105 AWA Ltd v Daniels (1992) 7 ACSR 759 Camelot Resources Ltd v MacDonald (1994) 14 ACSR 437 Corporate Affairs Commission v. Green [1978] VR 505 Corporation Act 2001 (cth) McGellin v Mount King Mining NL (1998) 144 FLR 228 Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co [1925] Ch 407 Vines v ASIC [2007] NSWCA 75

Why People Should Exercise More free essay sample

More Physical exercise is one of the most important things in the world. With proper exercise you can avoid or reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, and improve your brain power. Now wouldn’t that be nice? If you were to get exercise regularly you could become a doctor with your brain power, and with that much skill you could help cure people of these formidable illnesses. They key to doing this, exercise, is an activity that for centuries has been made increasingly easier to do and can be done at a faced paced, low effort, agenda. Firstly, probably the most dangerous risk for not exercising properly is cardiovascular disease. It is an illness that single-handedly takes out one in four Americans. That’s 25% folks! Many types of coronary heart disease can be avoided or reduced by exercise. For example, in coronary heart disease high levels of fatty cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and blood vessel inflammation. We will write a custom essay sample on Why People Should Exercise More or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of these illnesses can be prevented through one way or another. One common cure or help that these illnesses have is exercise. ‘Your doctor has probably recommended dietary changes to your meals that are too rich in high cholesterol foods, perhaps more exercise, maybe even medication. †(Holly McCord) Wow exercise is a great remedy in this case. ’ â€Å"By reducing inflammation, exercise decreases damage to blood vessels and reduce the number of cholesterol deposits. † (Dr. David Lipschitz, 2007) Look! Problem avoided! â€Å"Scientific evidence indicates that mental stress can adversely affect the cardiovascular system. Scientific evidence indicates that mental stress can adversely affect the cardiovascular system. † (Ben Martin, PSY. D. ) This statement shows that stress can cause heart illnesses and hurt your health. Yoga is a stress relieving exercise that when done can help you to have a shapely body and is very beneficial to you emotional health. Secondly, you can reduce the risk of breast cancer by exercise. The American Cancer Society research states, â€Å"Studies show that exercise reduces breast cancer risk. The only question is how much exercise is needed. One study found that as little as 1 hour and 15 minutes to 2? hours of brisk walking per week reduced the risk by 18%. Walking 10 hours a week reduced the risk a little more. † This statement shows us that exercise is necessary. Though the previous statement is true many people could say that exercise can be exerting and cause injury that would hurt your health and rip your muscle in a fibroid tumor causing cancer. I would like to state that there are many available DVD’s, books, internet sources, and available instructors for exercise. You can learn that you don’t overexert, remembering to warm up, stretch, and cool down is essential, drink water to keep hydrated, and if you are not ready rest after a session. Then you will not have health problems occur because of the exercise. Lastly, exercise increases your brainpower. Exercise increases the amount of neurons in your brain. It can cause you to think better. â€Å"There also seems to be a role for neurogenesis in the treatment of depression making it easier for you to think and adding determination to all of your work. People can use statements like, â€Å"Anabolic steroids can change the messages the hypothalamus sends to the body. This can disrupt normal hormone function. † (National Clearinghouse for alcohol and drug information) This statement can be perceived as that the anabolic drug can make you happy by changing your hormonal responses or make you more able to think, but it really means that your mood swings would be unpredictable and you would not be able to control your hormones and that may increase it as much as not doing well in anything or for girls, manly qualities.

How the Grinch Stole Christmas Essays - Dr. Seuss, Whoville

How the Grinch Stole Christmas Essays - Dr. Seuss, Whoville Ms. Hoogewerf Writing College Success 20 October 2015 How the Grinch Stole Christmas A lot of popular books throughout the years have been transformed into movies and a lot of movies have been turned into books. The main question relating to these types of transformation is simply; which one is better? When we ask this question we take into consideration which content was put into the book and movie and how any specific details or concepts have changed in any way. Are these changes for the good or for the worst? What does it take to make a book into something that will result in a great movie? When Dr. Seuss How the Grinch Stole Christmas book was turned into the hit movie directed by Ron Howard, changes were certainly visible. The movie had much more events, more characters, and was targeted toward a whole different target audience. In the book, very few characters were noted. The characters mentioned were the Grinch, the main Who little child by the name of Cindy Lou Who, and the Grinchs dog Max. Although with such few characters compared to the movie, this was all the book needed to still deliver the books main storyline. The movie on the other hand had many more characters, including the Grinch, Cindy Lou Who, Max, The Whoville Mayor, Martha May, Cindy Lou Whos parents, and much more. Because of the movie having many more characters, this caused a whole lot more of character development in the story and caused a lot of extra details that werent technically critical to the storys plot but certainly added more understanding of what the characters and where they lived was really like. In the book, only a sparse number of events were mentioned. The main events in the book were that the Grinch hated Christmas, he came up with an idea to destroy it, he followed out with the plan, and the aftermath that followed. The movie however, adds a ton more of events that add a whole lot more of entertainment to the story and also connects the reader more to the story while reading. For example, when the Grinch burned down the Whoville Christmas tree or when the movie flashes back to the Grinchs childhood as a little boy and tells the viewers how he originally gets to hating Christmas at such a young early age. Events like these, while not being necessarily needed for understanding the story altogether, are added to the movie to stretch the movies length, (which is quite needed due to the movie being based off such a short and to the point book). And are also added to give the reader information on how the Grinch turned out to be the way he is and shows what else he does to the Whos in spite of being angry towards them and what they stand for. Small details such as the story taking place in a snowflake were mentioned in the movie, when the book on the other hand did not. Inside a snowflake like the one on your sleeve, there happened a story you must see to believe. (Movie) While the book being aimed toward a younger audience, the movie is aimed toward more of a family audience consisting of all ages. The book is written so short and basic with basic vocabulary so that younger readers can comprehend the book. Every Who down in Whoville, the tall and the small, Was singing! Without any presents at all! He HADN'T stopped Christmas from coming! IT CAME! Somehow or other, it came just the same! (Book) The book doesnt have any extra details that would drive the reader away from the storyline and cause them to be distracted. The movie however adds a whole new concept of humor into the story which not only entertains the kids who watch the movie, but the kids parents who attend to watch it with them. The movie also adds so much more details into the storyline that causes not only younger viewers to be entertained and intrigued by the plot, but older people to understand whats happening and not be entirely bored with what theyre seeing. How the Grinch Stole Christmas the book and movie

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Ethics - Essay Example This may be problematic for the healthcare personnel to diagnose the actual disease a patient will be suffering from, and it may be difficult to apply proper medication to the patient. This is dangerous since it can be harmful to the patient in the long run. However, there are certain instances where breach of confidentiality can be viewed in a positive light. If a patient, particularly an adolescent, is diagnosed with a disease that can be harmful to him or her, then there is a need for breach of confidentiality if it is necessary for the parents to know the case. If the disease is also a threat to the community at large, then it may be imperative for the healthcare practitioner to breach confidentiality. In this particular case, Hathaway believes that harm will come to Andrea who has been diagnosed with cervical cancer unless the parents are informed of the diagnosis of the disease. The problem is that the patient is minor, hence she may not follow proper channels of having the dis ease cured unless her parents are informed. It is also difficult in different healthcare systems in the US for a minor to be treated with such disease without parental consent. Therefore, for the benefit of the minor in this case, it will be ideal to breach confidentiality. 2. ... The case of cervical cancer can pose a threat to public health if it is not controlled. Therefore, measures should be taken in order to ensure that public health is not negatively affected, hence the reason to breach the principle of confidentiality. The virtue theory, on the other hand, talks about what a good person will do in certain circumstances in life (1). In this case, a good person will take measures that are meant to protect the patient as well as the community at large. Any action that is beneficial to the community and the patient is appropriate though it may entail that confidentiality will be breached. These two ethical theories give the healthcare practitioner a leeway to make positive decisions though they may be in breach of confidentiality. 3. In order to address the dilemma presented in this particular case study, there are different stages that can be taken. First and foremost, it is imperative to diagnose the situation and identify all the problems associated wit h the scenario. It is important to gather as much information as possible about this particular problem so as to be in a better position to gain an insight into it. Having identified the problem, it becomes important to try to come up with as many solutions as possible to the problem identified. Once the probable solutions have been identified, the healthcare professional involved can then take the opportunity to select the best possible solutions that are likely to yield the best results from taking that particular course of action. When the best solution has been found, then it can be implemented in order to address the situation. However, implementing the decision is not an end in itself but part of an ongoing process. For instance, it will be important to

A self assessment on intercultural negotiating skills Essay

A self assessment on intercultural negotiating skills - Essay Example There are different communication styles that can be used and these will be outlined in the paper. Characteristics of a good intercultural negotiator Cross culture communication and negotiation mainly involve people from different cultural backgrounds and this has a bearing on the way they communicate. The culture of different people shape the way people communicate and exchange ideas (Fujio, 2004). According to Armstrong (1994), culture in the organization refers to shared beliefs, values, attitudes as well as assumptions which shape their behaviour as well as the way they view different things around them. All the people in the organization have shared beliefs as well as values. Dbhaibo & Harb (2010) suggest that the way people communicate and behave is shaped by their cultural values. Hofstede’s framework of cultural diversity mainly influences different types of studies that are related to cross cultural communication and management which include the following four dimensi ons of national culture: â€Å"individualism versus collectivism, power distance which is concerned with how power is distributed, uncertainty avoidance which talks about how uncertainty is found to be uncomfortable, quality versus quantity of life† (Robbins, 1993, p. 75). In order for a person to be a good intercultural negotiator, there are many issues that should be considered by the people involved. In case of a distributive type of negotiation, a good intercultural negotiator attempts to discover the other person’s BATNA. The person who suggests a strong offer is likely to achieve positive results as a result of the fact that the other person is likely to concede certain instances (Thompson 2005). The use of statements or questions is also very important since it helps to establish the quality of the relationship that may exist between the two negotiators involved. Thus, a good intercultural negotiator should establish how the other person communicates as well as to try to establish the relationship that exists between parties involved. The other important factor that should be taken into account about what makes a good intercultural negotiator is to try to differentiate between Utilitarian Discourse System (UDS) which is about the message itself and the Confucian Discourse System (CDS) which is concerned about the quality of relationship that exist between the two people communicating with each other. For instance, the Americans prefer the UDS system when negotiating while the Japanese or Chinese prefer CDS. According to a study conducted by Misa Fujio (2004) entitled â€Å"Silence during intercultural communication: a case study,† it can be noted that styles of communication between the people involved in the communication process differ as a result of the fact that they have different cultures. Silence is used as a way of communication by the Japanese this is a different case with the Americans who do not use silence as part of the ir communication process. In order to avoid unnecessary frustration, a good intercultural negotiator must establish the way another person communicates so as to be able to exchange meaningful ideas. Lin & Miller (2003) suggest that negotiation approach is influenced by factors which include national culture, commitment as well as the quality of relationship that exist between the two. For example, the â€Å"Chinese emphasise on collectivism while the Americans focus on individualism (Hsu, 1985 as cited in Lin and Miller, 2003). A good

The Influence Of Internet And New Media Media Essay

The Influence Of Internet And New Media Media Essay This study aims to give insight into the meaning young educated people in Syria give to the Internet and new media as a means to gain social, political and religious agency, and the influence this has on existing social structures in a traditional and authoritarian state like Syria. Background The Internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and organizing. Especially social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and Blogger have opened new ways of communication over the last couple of years. As global Internet access is growing, the effects of the Internet have also spread to the Middle East, and its influence on restrictive socio-political entities is often mentioned in the press. One may think of news headlines like Iran Protests: Twitter, the Medium of the Movement (Time Magazine  [1]  ), In Egypt, Pushing Revolution by Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½ (Newsweek  [2]  ) or the frequently mentioned influence of Internet on changing social and religious patterns (e.g. Ambrust 2000). Unfortunately, academic knowledge to back up these claims is very limited. In a country like Syria, Internet was virtually non-existent less than ten years ago. Today however, a fast growing group  [3]  of people has access to the global network and many shops, mosques and political movements have created a space on-line. All these developments seem to have a big impact in a traditional and authoritarian society. But how can Internet and new media influence the agency of people? Why Syria ? Syria is a traditional society with an authoritarian government where gaining agency is highly channeled through religious and social traditions or membership of the ruling Baath party. However, as the countrys age demographic is changing (the majority of the people is under the age of thirty  [4]  ) and globalization has brought new ideas inside its borders, the younger generation seems to search for more direct ways to gain agency. At the same time, Internet usage is on the rise and recent figures  [5]  indicate that social networking sites are attracting an increasing community of (young) Syrians who use these media to interact with friends, exchange ideas and form digital communities. There are also examples of young Syrians using the Internet to gain agency. Syrian Facebook users recently organized a successful campaign to boycott mobile telephone providers in protest against high tariffs (Sharif 2009) and a simple search brings up a plethora of on-line Syrian communities, ranging from religious discussion groups to calls for educational reform. Nevertheless, recent initiatives calling for mass protests against the government were less successful  [6]  . Despite these developments, Reporters Without Borders ranked Syria among the thirteen enemies of the Internet  [7]  , a conclusion based on the persistent monitoring of Internet dissidents by the state and the blocking of websites. However, in the wake of the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, the Syrian government recently (February 2011) made a remarkable step by opening up the Internet and dismantling blockades on websites like Facebook, Twitter and Youtube  [8]  . With an ever growing Internet community and the legalization of access to social networking websites, it seems likely that the role of the Internet and new media as a means to gain agency will increase over the next couple of years. Research questions (preliminary) The main question I would like to pose in this study is:What meaning do young, educated people in Syria give to the Internet and new media as a means to gain agency and change existing structures? To answer the main research question, it is important to first answer a couple of sub-questions. By tackling these questions, I will increase my insight into the subject as the research progresses. How do young, educated people in Syria use the Internet and new media? How do young, educated people in Syria believe that their use of the Internet and new media influences their social values, societal participation and world view? What is the position of the Internet and new media in current social, political and religious structures in relation to young, educated people in Syria? How are existing structural forces in Syria (e.g. religious, political, traditional entities) acting and adapting to the use of Internet and New Media use? Methodology (preliminary) This study will have a social-anthropological focus. While using statistical data where possible, the research methods that will be used will mainly be qualitative: individual interviews, participant observation and focus group discussions. By investigating the (perception of) influence as experienced by people themselves, it will be possible to draw a picture of the way Internet and new-media influence their agency and the existing structures. I will also conduct research through on-line participant observation on Syrian social-network sites and by following the activities of other new media. Furthermore, I will investigate how (religious, social and governmental) structural forces (re)act towards the use of Internet and new Media by investigating policies, publications and activities. Before the start of my fieldwork period (1 year), I will start with an extensive literature research on the subject. During the fieldwork period, I will gain access to the target group through my personal network of people, which I have built-up over the last couple of years (see also: personal information). Theories and concepts (preliminary) Central to this study are the concepts of structure and agency. Agency refers to the ability of people to act independently, have control over their life and make free choices. Structure, by contrast, refers to the pattern or framework of relationships between social institutions such as political systems, religion, class, customs and moral norms, which influence or limit the choices and opportunities that individuals possess. In applying these concepts, I will follow Anthony Giddens Structuration theory (1986). The Structuration theory holds that all human action happens within the framework of an existing social structure which is controlled by a set of norms and laws. Therefore, human actions are at least partly predetermined based on the contextual rules under which they occur. However, structures are not definite and external, but sustained and modified by human actions. Therefore, in and through their activities (agency), people reproduce and transform the conditions (structures) that make these activities possible. Besides Giddens, this study will also build on publications by some of his contemporaries who have published on the subject, like Bourdieu (1977) , Berger Luckman (1966) and Orilowski (1992, 2000), who have published on the duality of structure to technology. Furthermore, I will also use sources from the realm of (new) media studies for the conceptual and theoretical framework of this study. Manual Castells has been one of the most significant social theorist of new media in the last two decades. In his Information Age trilogy (1996, 1998, 2000), Castells argues that the development of communication network structures and architectures is a core feature of the contemporary social condition. These networks are not controlled by anyone but extend outward from computing and information communication technologies to all forms of social, economic and cultural relations. In Critique of Information (2002) the sociologist and critical theorist Scott Lash, builds forth on Castells and argues that the rise of the global information order is marked by a fundamental blurring of the distinction between culture and technology. This means that in order to influence relations of power, inequality and domination within a technological and informational c ulture, one must become part of the networks and flows of this informational culture. In their work on Internet use in Trinidad, Miller and Slater (2001) come to a rejection of Internet research that focuses on the way in which new media seems to constitute spaces or places apart from the rest of social life (real life or offline life). Internet (and new-media) are rather spaces within social life in which new forms of sociality and new identities are emerging. Internet and new media should thus be seen as extensions of the social space rather than tools within the social space. Poster (2001) summarizes this as follows, the Internet is more like a social space than a thing, so that its effects are more like those of Germany than those of hammers. In conjunction with Miller and Slater, Jenkins (2006) argues that the frame of reference for individuals who are connected, is not the same as for those who are not. Connected people judge their social environment according to different standards, sourcing from norms, values and beliefs that not always match with the social p ractices they are subject to in real life. In relation to the research topic, we can say that instead of being an instrument to gain agency, Internet and new media may function as a place, within social space, that is out of reach for the structures that normally define it. That is, unless these structural forces will also embrace new media and the Internet. This place within social space creates a new social reference frame and a platform for sharing thoughts, beliefs and ideas which may contribute to the increase of an individuals agency in society.

The Myths Created by Stories :: Personal Narrative Papers

The Myths Created by Stories Life as it now exists on Earth, including the simplest bacteria, was obviously derived from a single origin (Mayr, 40). ¡Ã‚ ± This idea of a  ¡Ã‚ °single origin ¡Ã‚ ± has been the instigating factor for the split and ongoing battle between the creationists and the evolutionists, between those who believe God created mankind, and those who believe in the pure science of evolution. It is as if believing in a single source will validate either one of the schools of thought; superiority will come when one side finally convinces the other side of their argument. I was raised Catholic. I do not remember being told any sort of evolution story. Whether this was a purposeful exclusion or a matter of forgetfulness is to be determined. I learned that in seven days God created the earth and made man. That was the story presented, and it seemed reasonable. As I grew up, it seemed more like the story of Santa Clause or the tooth fairy, something that was told to me, something I took to heart, and was years later informed of its falsity, all as a matter of forcing me into a sense of maturity. Third graders could not believe in Santa Clause. I held onto the myth because it felt good, and I received presents, and no one can argue with the positive of receiving presents. Eventually, maturity replaces the myth, and we move forward. Forgetting the stories of our childhood, or at least revising them, leads us to a forward motion, to a more adult way of being. I suppose this is what happened with my religious beliefs. I am revising them to adapt to my newfound adult way of being. To believe without fully understanding is not to completely believe, and trying to understand evolution as it is presented is difficult with the implication that it may be just another myth I will later have to come to terms with and revise. The idea of understanding is an on-going process, as the story of evolution is also an on-going process. Stories are meant to be revised. They are also meant to have a beginning, middle, and an end. The story of evolution conflicts with the concept of storytelling, of writing stories, yet it is still a story that has survived and will continue to survive. It appeals because it does not have an end.

Explain Legal Issues, Policies and Procedures Relevant to Assessment

Q: Explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare. Ans: For the smooth running of organization or/and to meet the internal and external requirements of awarding bodies, it is must to have some legal policies and procedures ready at hand in assessment. If, at one hand, it helps us go through the whole process of assessment smoothly, at the other, it builds a confidence among the learners who feel secure in the process. Training organizations are also subject to inspection by OFSTED so have to keep records for performance, safety and financial reasons. Registers-attendance at lessons. Visit Report Forms-proof you are visiting candidates. Individual Learning Plans-Targets and timescales. Equality and Diversity Forms-Ensuring no discrimination. Health and Safety Check Forms-Ensuring safe working environment. Course feedback forms-feedback from candidates. Course assessment sheets-record of tests and progress There are some basic policies and procedures that ought to be an integral part of whole organizational set up. Health and Safety Policy and Procedures: These are important. All organizations must carry out a  risk assessment  identifying the risks to employees, other workers, clients, members of the public and anyone who comes onto the organization’s premises or uses its services. They must then draw up a health and safety scheme setting out a program to reduce the risks, or to minimize the negative impact if they do happen. Since in assessment, there is possibility of learners being under 18, the assessor or the authority has to carry out a specific assessment taking into account the fact that young people may be inexperienced, immature and/or less aware of risks than adults. These requirements are set out in the Health and Safety (Young Persons) Regulations 1997. Data Protection Act: The main thrust of Data Protection is protecting against abuse of data held on individuals. Data collection has to be fair. This now means that the individual must know who is doing the collecting, and the purposes for which the data are intended to be used. Data shouldn't be kept for longer than necessary, must be kept secure, and should be adequate, relevant and accurate. Thus the learners, in assessment, will feel secure as it ensures confidentiality.

The Problem Of Genetically Modified Crops - 1214 Words

Most of the produce that are being sold in grocery stores are genetically modified; they make up about seventy to eighty percent of the produce individuals consume. These genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are â€Å"safe and nutritious as conventional crops†; however, there are many misconceptions about them (Manila Bulletin). Many people believe that the creation of the GMOs poses a threat to the wellbeing of individuals; though, GMOs are clinically proven to be highly nutritious and are approved by the FDA. In addition, these crops have been modified to be resistant to pests, and are able to sustain its health in various climates. With this in mind, crops can be harvested all across the world and will eventually solve Earth’s major†¦show more content†¦This notion of poisonous GMOs, â€Å"food totalitarianism,† and burdening the Earth’s resources are driven by ignorance and gullibility. Such bias will delude others with false information a bout these beneficial crops. The misconception presented by Shiva and her many supporters present reasonable arguments; however, these arguments are not factually based and are spurred by strong bias against GMOs and misleading evidences. The anti-GMO â€Å"envi-ronmentalist† and her naà ¯ve followers are looking passed the benefits and are only paying attention to false allegations. Her argument about GMOs being poisonous and harmful to consumers can be clinically proven as false. There have been multiple studies regarding the safety of GM crops and there is no reliable evidence that they cause harm to humans, animals, or to the environment (Monsanto Corporation). The Food and Drug Administration, FDA, posted on its website, â€Å"All genetically modified (GM) crops and food derived from such crops now in the market are as safe and nutritious as conventional crops and food,† (Manila Bulletin). Not only does the FDA approve, but also the American Association for the Advancement of Science, AAAS, and the World